What happens when breathing goes wrong? In this final episode of our Respiratory Basics series, we break down the key dysfunctions and diseases that disrupt gas exchange andthreaten life. You’ll learn the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia, the causes of hypoventilation and hyperventilation, and how conditions like emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary embolism impair the system. We’ll also cover the basics of acute respiratory failure and the major types of lung cancer. This is the must-know pathophysiology that connects directly to clinical care.