Moderator: “From feminist movements to environmental activism, the body has been used as a tool of resistance. What can history tell us about nudity in protest?”

Responder: "Diverse communities have used nudity in protest against oppression, political corruption, environmental destruction and gender discrimination. Across cultures, these acts of defiance have drawn on deep spiritual and symbolic traditions, using nudity to reclaim power, visibility and justice in ways that transcend mere physical exposure.”

• Moderator: “How has nudity been used in political resistance?"

Responder: “In Kenya (1992), women led by Wangari Maathai staged a nude protest against land grabs, invoking dogma where elderly women’s nudity is a curse. Similarly, in Nigeria’s Aba Women’s War (1929), Igbo women stripped in defiance of British colonial taxation policies. In Togo (2012) and Liberia (2003), women used bare-breasted protests to demand democracy and peace. Indigenous Bolivian women (2011) and Chilean Mapuche women (2018) protested against land dispossession by marching nude to highlight their connection to nature and ancestral lands.”

• Moderator: “How did the counterculture embrace body freedom?”

Responder: “Countercultural movements of 1960s and 1970s, particularly among hippies in the USA, UK and Europe, embraced nudity as a symbol of freedom, anti-materialism and nonconformity. Woodstock Festival of 1969 epitomised this ethos, with thousands of attendees engaging in social nudity as an expression of peace, love and communal living. Public nudity became a hallmark of gatherings, protests and artistic performances, representing a rejection of capitalist and authoritarian values.”

• Moderator: “How has nudity factored into feminist activism?”

Responder: “In 1970s and 1980s, feminist activists used nudity to reclaim control over their bodies and challenge gender-based oppression. In France and USA, topless protests became a method of resisting laws that policed women’s dress while allowing men to remain shirtless in public. The movement sought to expose double standards in sexual objectification and bodily autonomy, demanding equal rights in public spaces. Activists in later decades drew inspiration from these early feminist protests, using topless demonstrations to challenge patriarchal norms and authoritarian regimes. The visibility of the female body, often censored or commodified, became a form of defiance and empowerment."

• Moderator: “How has vulnerability been exposed in ecological protests?"

Responder: “The intersection of naturism and environmental activism gave rise to protests that highlighted the vulnerability of both the human body and the planet. In early 1980s, environmental activists staged nude demonstrations to protest deforestation, nuclear energy and industrial pollution. These protests emphasised the human body’s intrinsic connection to nature and the environment. Nudity was also used in anti-war and anti-nuclear demonstrations, particularly in Europe, where peace activists staged nude protests against the proliferation of nuclear weapons."