Civilize? Christianize? As the Americans move into their new colony, they pack an unlikely weapon in their mission to take over the Philippines: sports!

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References:

Gems, Gerald R. (2016). Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets. Lexington Books.

Putz, Paul (31 January 2022). “Muscular Christianity and Moral Formation Through Sports.” Faith & Sports. Truett Seminary of Baylor University. https://blogs.baylor.edu/faithsports/2022/01/31/muscular-christianity-and-moral-formation-through-sports/

Report on the YWCA and the YMCA in the Philippine Islands, 1930 (1930). Sophia Smith Collection of Women’s History (File — Box: 4, Reel: 354, microdex: 8), Smith College Special Collections. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/170680

Brosas, Arturo (4 January 2023). “What is Texas Gamefowl Chicken?” Agraryo.com https://agraryo.com/poultry/what-is-texas-gamefowl-chicken/

Kramer, Paul (2014). “Colonial Crossings: Prostitution, Disease, and the Boundaries of Empire During the Philippine-American War.” In Body and Nation: The Global Realm of US Body Politics in the Twentieth Century (Rosenberg, E. and Fitzpatrick S., eds), Duke University Press.

Bartholomew, Rafe (2010). Pacific Rims: Beermen Ballin’ in Flip-Flops and the Philippines’ Unlikely Love Affair with Basketball. New American Library.

Anderson, Warwick (2006). Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila Press.