As Filipino immigrants call for better pay and better treatment in the sugar cane plantations, the histories of Hawaii and the Philippines are about to intersect in a bloody way.

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References:

Jung, Moon-Kie (2004). “Symbolic and Physical Violence: Legitimate State Coercion of Filipino Workers in Prewar Hawai'i.” American Studies 45(3), 107-137.

Hill, Tiffany (2009, December 30). “A Massacre Forgotten.” Honolulu. https://www.honolulumagazine.com/a-massacre-forgotten/

Alegado, Dean (2011, September 26). “Blood In The Fields: The Hanapepe Massacre And The 1924 Filipino Strike.” Positively Filipino. http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2012/11/26/blood-in-the-fields-the-hanapepe-massacre-and-the-1942-filipino-strike

Sobeleski, Hank (2006, September 10). “Pablo Manapit and the Hanapepe Massacre.” The Garden Island. https://www.thegardenisland.com/2006/09/10/lifestyles/pablo-manlapit-and-the-hanapepe-massacre/

“Filipino Contract Laborers in Hawaii.” 1926. Monthly Labor Review 24(4), 4-9.

Van Dijk, Kees (2015). “The Failed Annexation of Hawaii.” In Pacific Strife, Amsterdam University Press.