From Rizal in Dapitan to Japanese troops on a blitzkrieg, this is a short history of biking in the Philippines.

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References:

Severino, Howie (22 June 2020). “Rizal’s Wish for a Second-Hand Bicycle.” GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/specials/content/160/howie-severino-rizal-s-wish-for-a-second-hand-bicycle/

Herlihy, David (2010). The Lost Cyclist: The Epic Tale of an American Adventurer and His Mysterious Disappearance. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Gems, Gerald R. (2016). Sports and the American Occupation of the Philippines. Lexington Books.

Earle Stevens, Joseph (1899). Yesterdays in the Philippines. Charles Scribner & Sons.

Giron, Brian Paul (2020 October 4). “Finding bikes in our history.” Cycling Matters. https://www.cyclingmatters.ph/culture/finding-bikes-in-our-history/

Tewell, John. Pretty Filipina with her pride and joy, an American girl’s bicycle [Photo]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/52134258412/sizes/h/?fbclid=IwAR2iU54F7mfNFYEpj3Q8mNc840NVblElvS3hHudysR9q8qo9CwsgsqDglks

Fernandez, Yvette and Goy, Abi (2012). Big John: The Life Story of John Gokongwei Jr. Summit Books.

Ephraim, Frank (2008). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press.

Barriga, Maria Cynthia B. (2015). “The Asia-Pacific War in the Davao Settler Zone, December 1941.”  Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 30(1): 56–90.

Danquah, Francis K. (2005). “Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan's English Language Press.” Agricultural History 79(1), 74-96 

LCDR Headrick, Alan C (1994). Bicycle Blitzkrieg: The Malayan Campaign and the Fall of Singapore. (Paper submitted to the Operations Department.) Naval War College. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/RisingSun/BicycleBlitz/

Eisner, Peter (2017). MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Viking. 

Interview with John Gokongwei Jr. from CNBC International.