Prisoners from the Philippines get sent to the slammer—serving their sentences inside the military prison of Alcatraz! But what crimes earned them time on The Rock?

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References:

Thompson, Erwin S. (2000). The Rock: A History of Alcatraz Island, 1847-1972. U.S. National Park Service.

Reed, John S. (1995) "External Discipline during Counterinsurgency: A Philippine War Case Study, 1900—1901." The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 4(1), 29-48.

Smiley, Will. (2012). “Lawfare in Luzon: The American Application of the Rules of War in the Philippines, 1898-1903." [Term Paper, Yale Law School]

Wills, Matthew (4 February 2020). “The Jim Crow Army in the Philippine-American War.” JStor Daily. daily.jstor.org/the-jim-crow-army-in-the-philippine-american-war

Hallock, Jennifer (17 January 2021). “Sergeant Major John W. Calloway: A Voice to Challenge Empire.” jenniferhallock.com jenniferhallock.com/2021/01/17/john-calloway-philippines

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