A tantalizing wind was blowing into the Philippines from Madrid. In its wake was Carlos Maria de la Torre, who seemed determined to shock the entrenched colonial establishment.

Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdept

Follow us on TikTok: @the.colonial.dept.

Email us: [email protected]

References:

Simpson, Renate (1980). “Higher Education in the Philippines under the Spanish.” Journal of Asian History, 14(1), p. 1-46.

Smith, Willard A. (July 1950). “The Background of the Spanish Revolution of 1868.” The American Historical Review, 55(4), p. 787-810.

Escudier, Alicia Castellanos. “Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada.” Real Academia de la Historia. https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/54427/carlos-maria-de-la-torre-y-navacerrada

Aseniero, George (2013). “From Cádiz to La Liga: The Spanish Context of Rizal’s Political Thought.” Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives in Asia, 49(1), 1-42. 

“Spanish Constitutions, Brief Historical Overview” (undated). Constitucionalism español, Biblioteca Virtual del Patrimonio Bibliografico. https://bvpb.mcu.es/constituciones/en/micrositios/inicio.do

The Senate between 1834 and 1923” (2 January 2023). In Constitutional Periods, Senado de España website, https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/senadohistoria/periodosconstitucionales/index.html?lang=en

Coo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820-1896. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Guerrero, Milagros C. and Schumacher, John N., S.J. (1998). Kasaysan: The Story of the Filipino People. Vol. 5: Reform and Revolution. Asia Publishing Company, Limited.

De Viana, Augusto (2019). “Agoncillo and Zaide painted Governor de la Torre in a favorable light…” [Facebook comment left on Everyday History’s July 12, 2019 photo post). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/EverydayHistoryPH/posts/july12-on-this-day-in-1869-at-a-feast-hosted-by-liberal-spanish-governor-general/2301798766760540/

Ayala Museum (11 March 2021). “In celebration of #WomensHistoryMonth…” [Facebook photo caption]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ayalamuseum/photos/a.156207354399852/4021961857824363/