Satellite systems face increasing cybersecurity threats across their lifespan, impacting critical functions and necessitating international legal cooperation. These vulnerabilities span launch systems, communications, and ground infrastructure, with hostile acts ranging from kinetic attacks to cyber disruptions like jamming and data manipulation. Research reveals that satellite broadband services have significant security and privacy weaknesses, often exploitable with inexpensive equipment, impacting millions of users and critical maritime operations. The absence of robust encryption and the reliance on performance-enhancing proxies create eavesdropping and data manipulation risks. Consequently, there's a growing need for improved security measures, novel encryption techniques optimized for satellite communications, and a comprehensive understanding of emerging cyber-physical threats targeting space assets and launch processes. Furthermore, the increasing accessibility of space through reduced launch costs and smaller satellites broadens the spectrum of potential threat actors and attack vectors, demanding imaginative threat modeling and proactive security strategies to protect vital space-based infrastructure and services.

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