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In this episode of Catechizing Conversations, Cisco Victa and Drew Brackbill examine the formation of the biblical canon and the question: Who determines what counts as God’s Word?

Tracing the history of the Old Testament from early Jewish recognition of the canon to the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate, and the debates of the Reformation, they explain why Roman Catholic and Orthodox Bibles include the Deuterocanonical books while Protestants affirm a 66-book canon. The conversation engages early witnesses such as Josephus and Melito of Sardis, as well as the disagreements between Jerome and Augustine over the Apocrypha.

They discuss why the Reformers returned to the Hebrew and Greek texts, why Protestants regard the Apocrypha as historically useful but not divinely inspired, and how the New Testament’s citation pattern shaped confidence in the Jewish canon. At the heart of the episode is a theological question: does the church authorize Scripture, or does Scripture authorize the church? Grounded in the Westminster Confession, this discussion connects canon formation to sola Scriptura, preaching, and the life of the church.

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