As we near the end of Chapter 1, Lewis continues to contrast the educational project of Gaius and Titius with their predecessors. Sages from Western cultures such as Aristotle, and Easter cultures such as Confucius, believed there to be objective value beyond man, and that it was the purpose of education to discover that reality as it is. But Gaius and Titius reject objective value, making man the final arbiter of all value judgments.