Exploring the intricate history of national identity, this episode dives deep into the story of Panama's national anthem, "Himno Istmeño." We embark on a journey that bridges the planet’s hemispheres, weaving through tales of triumph, struggle, and the geographical significance of Panama as a cultural melting pot. Our discussion highlights the fascinating narrative of the Isthmus, from colonial times through its complex path to independence, and how these events influenced the creation of its anthem. Along the way, we encounter intriguing characters and reveal their roles in shaping Panama’s musical heritage. So, grab your swimming goggles as we dive into the melodies and meanings behind a song that celebrates unity and resilience, all while navigating the sometimes murky waters of history and politics.

1. https://benlecomte.com/2021/04/13/the-swim-documentary-trailer-additional-info/#comment-104608 
2. Livingstone, Grace (2009). America's Backyard: The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror. London: Zed. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84813-214-6.
3. "Avalon Project – Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), 18 November 1903". Avalon.law.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
4. https://www.google.com/books/edition/United_States_Treaties_and_Other_Interna/n559BTeMBIsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA39&printsec=frontcover 
5. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/ 
6. https://web.archive.org/web/20150710174146/https://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/archivos/P6221DATOS%20GENERALES%20%20%20%202013.pdf 
7. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Economic_Aspects_of_Spanish_Imperial/MRI-LiWuJh4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA65&printsec=frontcover 
8. http://whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/how-the-isthmus-of-panama-put-ice-in-the-arctic/ 
9. https://web.archive.org/web/20210113025017/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Introduction 
10. https://www.history.com/articles/vasco-nunez-de-balboa 
11. http://www.giustiniani.info/oltremare.html 
12. https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025455/http://www.patronatopanamaviejo.org/ppv2014/es/el-sitio-arqueologico/los-monumentos/mapa-de-monumentos/15-casa-de-los-genoveses 
13. https://web.archive.org/web/20130419120750/http://himnonacionaldepanama.com/index.php/proyecto/ 
14. https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm 
15. https://www.academia.edu/277924/To_Get_Rich_for_Our_Homeland_The_Company_of_Scotland_and_the_Colonization_of_the_Isthmus_of_Darien 
16. Musicant, I, The Banana Wars, 1990, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., ISBN 0025882104McGuinness, Aims (2008). Path of Empire : Panama and the California Gold Rush. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801445217.
17. https://collections.library.cornell.edu/moa_new/browse.html 
18. https://books.google.com/books?id=t5WfEXhFftwC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA15&hl=en&source=newbks_fb 
19. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Simon_Bolivar_s_Quest_for_Glory/hG7uDMcZmfAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover 
20. https://www.mingob.gob.pa/simbolosdelanacion/jeronimo-ossa-escobar/ 
21. https://www.bornglorious.com/person/?pi=2071550 
22. https://alchetron.com/Jeronimo-de-la-Ossa 
23. https://simbolosdepanama.wordpress.com/category/jeronimo-ossa/ 
24. https://panamapoesia.com/pt45.htm 
25. https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/396620 
26. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Garland_Handbook_of_Latin_American_M/RK6TAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 
27. https://books.google.com/books?id=U4soEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA68&dq=%22Jeronimo+de+la+Ossa%22+-wikipedia+Himno+Istme%C3%B1o&hl=en&source=newbks_fb#v=onepage&q=%22Jeronimo%20de%20la%20Ossa%22%20-wikipedia%20Himno%20Istme%C3%B1o&f=false 
28. https://web.archive.org/web/20050312145211/http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/historia/persona2-6.html 
29. https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/110153/Jorge_A._Santos 
30. https://www.mingob.gob.pa/simbolosdelanacion/santos-jorge-amatriaim/ 
31. https://www.ecured.cu/Santos_Jorge_Amatriaim 
32. https://www.mingob.gob.pa/simbolosdelanacion/himno-nacional/ 
33. https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verdetalle/8046/santos%20jorge%20amatriain 
34. https://www.panamarailroad.org/ 
35.  Club Interamericano de Mujeres Unidad de Colón (1948). Panama Folklore. Inter-American Women's Club, Colon Unit. p. 20.
36. https://www.mingob.gob.pa/conasina/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2020/12/ANEXO_MANUAL_SIMBOLOS.pdf 
37. https://web.archive.org/web/20190526071333/http://200.115.157.117/RevistasLoteria/522.pdf 
38. https://web.archive.org/web/20161010100611/https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/tmp/file/894/SINTESIS%20DEL%20HIMNO%20NACIONAL.pdf 

https://portal.critica.com.pa/archivo/110499/nacional.html

Today, we're diving into the fascinating intersection of Morocco’s national identity and its critical role in the global food supply, particularly through its phosphate reserves. Situated at the western edge of the Arab world, Morocco holds about 70% of the world’s easily obtainable phosphates, making it a pivotal player in agricultural sustainability. As we explore the rich history and cultural significance of Morocco, we’ll also uncover the backstory of its national anthem, which reflects the nation’s spirit and resilience against colonialism. From the colonial past to the modern day, we’ll weave through the country’s struggles and triumphs, revealing how its anthem encapsulates not just pride, but a deep-rooted commitment to unity and identity. So, buckle up as we embark on this enlightening journey through Morocco’s landscapes, history, and the melody that binds its people together.

1. https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/morocco/ 
2. https://www.mei.edu/publications/moroccos-new-challenges-gatekeeper-worlds-food-supply-geopolitics-economics-and 
3. https://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/solutions/phosphorus.html#:~:text=Earth's%20phosphorus%20is%20being%20depleted,of%20it%20in%20crop%20fertilizers. 
4. https://www.mapnews.ma/en/ 
5. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1310405m?rk=21459;2 
6. Flournoy, F. R. (March 1932). "Political Relations of Great Britain with Morocco, From 1830 to 1841". Political Science Quarterly. 47 (1): 27–56. doi:10.2307/2142701. JSTOR 2142701.
7. https://web.archive.org//web/20131019064656/http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/262/maroc5_262.shtml 
8. https://www.eurekoi.org/musique-quand-leo-morgan-a-t-il-compose-lhymne-national-cherifien-du-maroc/ 
9. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/257002/author-moroccan-national-anthem-dies 
10. https://walkerhomeschoolblog.wordpress.com/2019/03/05/leo-morgan-and-the-cherifian-anthem/ 
11. https://medias24.com/2018/11/05/deces-de-ali-squalli-houssaini-auteur-de-lhymne-national-du-maroc/ 
12. http://rivagesdessaouira.hautetfort.com/entretien/ 
13. https://www.h24info.ma/maroc/lauteur-des-paroles-de-lhymne-national-nest-plus/ 
14. https://historygreatest.com/moroccan-writer-ali-squalli-houssaini-died-at-86 
15. https://menafn.com/1097671817/King-Mohammed-VI-Mourns-Death-of-Moroccos-Anthem-Writer-Ali-Squalli 
16. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/12/262066/ali-squalli-morocco-national-anthem 
17. "The CBS News Almanac", Hammond Almanac Inc., 1976, p.783: "The Alaouite dynasty (Filali) has ruled Morocco since the 17th century"
18. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1266267/most-popular-hobbies-and-activities-in-morocco#statisticContainer 
19. https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/morocco/47514.htm 
20. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14121438 
21. Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840
22. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303104131/http://morocco.usembassy.gov/early.html 
23. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/85517/king-mohammed-vi-mourns-death-squallis/ 
24. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_the_History_of_Glo/l6BeBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=alaouite+dynasty+succeeded+in+maintaining+the+independence+of+Morocco&pg=PA229&printsec=frontcover 
25. https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/General_Treaty_Between_Her_Majesty_and_the_Sultan_of_Morocco 
26. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jews_and_Muslims/3NatkG7sGCkC?hl=en&gbpv=0 
27. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Morocco_s_Saharan_Frontiers/IO69HppDTDgC?hl=en&gbpv=0 
28. Katz, Jonathan Glustrom (2006). Murder in Marrakech: Émile Mauchamp and the French Colonial Adventure. Bloomington et Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-253-34815-9.
29. https://www.britannica.com/event/Agadir-Incident 
30. https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Arab_Peoples/egbOb0mewz4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA323&printsec=frontcover 
31. https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/casablanca-1952-architects-and-the-colonial-counter-revolution 
32. https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb 
33. https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1956/mar/03/fromthearchive 
34. https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_history_of_the_Jews_in_North_Africa/idEUAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA319&printsec=frontcover 
35. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/12/83846/ali-squalli-morocco-national-anthem/ 
36. https://search.worldcat.org/title/794366388 
37. https://www.google.com/books/edition/West_Africa_Before_the_Europeans/Sh0hBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 
38. Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840
39. https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/SIM-0004780.xml 
40. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/01/353472/independence-proclamation-the-ongoing-legacy-of-moroccan-nationalism 
41. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/morocco/1956-04-01/morocco-plans-independence 
42. https://www.nytimes.com/1955/11/17/archives/morocco-sultan-returns-in-triumph-from-exile-moroccan-sultan-hailed.html

Links referenced in this episode:

• creatoraccountabilitynetwork.org

Join us as we unravel the intriguing tale of Finland's national anthem, "Maamme," which unexpectedly emerged from a light-hearted student celebration into a powerful symbol of national identity. We’ll explore how this song, initially penned to quench revolutionary fervor, ultimately became a rallying cry for a nation yearning for independence. Traveling over 7,600 kilometers from the last country, we’ll encounter a conspiracy theory that ridiculously claims Finland doesn’t exist and is in fact just a clever ruse to keep the waters of the Baltic Sea stocked with fish. Along the way, we’ll delve into the lives of the poet Johan Ludwig Runeberg and composer Fredrik Pacius, whose contributions shaped Finland's cultural landscape. With a dash of wit and historical context, we’ll reflect on how a simple tune transformed into a beloved anthem, bridging the gulf between past and present, and solidifying Finland's identity in the hearts of its people.

1. https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/66569 
2. Jussila, Osmo: The Grand Duchy of Finland 1809–1917 . Helsinki: WSOY, 2004. ISBN 978-951-029500-7
3. https://web.archive.org/web/20070227172733/http://www.fimr.fi/en/tutkimus/fysikaalinen-tutkimus/vedenkorkeuden-vaihteluiden-ajalliset-muutokset.html 
4. https://www.national-anthems.org/history.php 
5. https://horserookie.com/how-far-can-a-horse-travel/#:~:text=Depending%20on%20the%20horse%20and,days%20to%20travel%201%2C000%20miles. 
6. https://www.mcislanguages.com/mcis-blog/fatherland-vs-motherland-what-is-the-gender-of-your-country/ 
7. https://archive.ph/20121224213536/http://froste.oso.chalmers.se/hgs//Bifrost_01/ 
8. https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/2599 
9. Keskisarja, Teemu: Murder Angel. The human history of the Great Northern War , p. 246. Helsinki: Siltala, 2019. ISBN 978-952-234-638-4
10. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/finland/ 
11. https://web.archive.org/web/20161020135441/http://www.tuglas.fi/v%C3%A5rt_land_maamme_mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m 
12. https://research.chalmers.se/publication/197898 
13. Jonsson, Leif (1990). Guardians of enlightenment: [19th century student songs as a form of "public art" in Swedish society] . Studia musicologica Upsaliensia, 0081-6744 ; NS, 11 [Student song in the Nordic countries] ; [1]. Uppsala: Univ. page 31
14. https://yle.fi/a/3-10540671 
15. https://www.google.com/books/edition/External_Danger_and_Democracy/O7COAAAAMAAJ?hl=en 
16. https://runeberg.org/hymner/0117.html
17. https://blf.fi/artikel.php?id=1441
18. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208021745/http://www.runeberg.net/fin/a_8_t.html 
19. https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/sanomalehti/binding/647431?page=3 
20. https://finland.fi/arts-culture/runeberg-a-patriotic-rapper-of-the-19th-century/ 
21. https://yle.fi/a/3-9439870 
22. https://finland.fi/facts-stats-and-info/the-finnish-national-anthem/ 
23. https://epa.oszk.hu/00300/00381/00145/richly.htm 
24. https://www.pacius.fi/index.php?catid=76&blogid=5 
25. https://www.sls.fi/sv/ 
26. https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/1410869/itsenaisyyden-juhlavuosi-kannusti-suomalaisia-liputtamaan 
27. https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000004640344.html 
28. https://web.archive.org/web/20030211180848/http://www.porvoonmuseo.fi/artMuseum.php 
29. https://www.thecollector.com/revolutions-of-1848-anti-monarchism-europe/ 
30. https://www.kirjastot.fi/kysy/kuka-kaytti-ensimmaisena-suomesta-ilmaisua?language_content_entity=fi 
31. https://kansanmuisti.fi/la-158-2003-laki-suomen-kansallislaulusta-kamu/ 
32. https://kansallisbiografia.fi/english/person/2846 
33. https://www.nykarlebyvyer.nu/sidor/texter/poesi/jlr/vartland.htm 
34. http://www.kuurojenmuseo.fi/?p=431&lang=en 
35. https://www.sls.fi/publications/biografiskt-lexikon-for-finland/ 
36. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010061033/http://www.fimic.fi/fimic/fimic.nsf/mainframe?readform&CD84D3E8EA030D05C22567F400403499 
37. https://375humanistia.helsinki.fi/en/humanists/johan-ludvig-runeberg 
38. https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/RunebergJL 
39. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14270821/fredrik-pacius 

https://web.archive.org/web/20151213065044/http://csridentity.com/finland/about.asp

Explore the rich cultural tapestry of Laos through its national anthem, "Pheng Xat Lao," which serves as a powerful reflection of the country's journey from colonialism to independence and socialism. This episode takes listeners on a fascinating journey, tracing the historical and political context that shaped both the anthem and the nation itself. Discover the significance of the anthem's lyrics, which evolved from a celebration of royal heritage and Buddhist values to a modern emphasis on unity, equality, and resilience among the Lao people. The narrative weaves through the impacts of French colonialism, the struggles during the Vietnam War, and the eventual establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Join us as we delve into the music, lyrics, and stories that highlight Laos's identity and the enduring spirit of its people.

1. https://nationalanthems.info/la.htm 
2. https://www.countryreports.org/country/Laos/nationalsymbols.htm 
3. https://wpkn.org/wpkn-programming/soundprint-asia/ 
4. https://www.jwpepper.com/Laos-PDR-National-Anthem/11408775.item?srsltid=AfmBOopwSlTsETN-sYgiEb5lvjZ2-fAqUFgAxw1qW5UMqeCqwK0HfFYs 
5. https://www.worldatlas.com/flags/lao-people-s-democratic-republic 
6. https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html 
7. https://www.weathernationtv.com/2016/06/29/welcome-monsoon-season-probably-using-term-wrong 
8. https://books.google.pl/books?id=5r3QDwbZ_ZkC&pg=PT373&dq=Thongdy+Sounthonevichit&hl=pl&sa=X&ei=N9CoUYrOIMjPiwLhwoHoCg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=laos&f=false 
9. https://faculty.washington.edu/plape/citiesaut11/readings/Fletcher-water%20management%20in%20angkor%20Antiquity%202008.pdf
10. https://web.archive.org/web/20101110175658/http://indochinatrek.com/laos/lao-guides.html 
11. https://books.google.pl/books?id=d5ZGAQAAIAAJ&q=Thongdy+Sounthonevichit&dq=Thongdy+Sounthonevichit&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPieqf_JjtAhWwCRAIHUOQAcUQ6AEwBXoECAcQAg 
12. Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). Historical Dictionary of Laos. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-81086-411-5.
13. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/transcript-reception-between-vice-premier-chen-yi-and-delegation-laos 
14. http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf 
15. https://web.archive.org/web/20121028211230/https://sayasackp.free.fr/traite.htm 
16. \https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/history/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Laos.pdf 
17. https://kpl.gov.la/en/detail.aspx?id=70856 
18. https://hmong.in.th/wiki/Pheng_Xat_Lao#google_vignette 
19. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/09/archives/laos-bans-birth-control-to-build-population-after-a-decade-of-war.html 
20. https://songbpm.com/@glocal-orchestra/laos---pheng-xat-lao---laotian-national-anthem-hymn-of-the-lao-people 
21. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,826920-1,00.html 
22. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Laos_in_Pictures/qkuSVaUuiVgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=pheng+xat+lao&pg=PA69&printsec=frontcover 
23. http://www.unforgettable-laos.com/governing-system-in-m-rii/4-3-administrative-system/ 
24. https://republicordeath.wordpress.com/2012/08/29/anthem-of-the-day-laos/ 
25. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Youth_Mobilization_in_Vichy_Indochina_an/w8hy1pzrc0sC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA137&printsec=frontcover 
26. www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2007/R949.pdf 
27. https://www.dw.com/en/a-dam-building-race-threatens-the-mekong-river/a-50049206 
28. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revolution_Reform_and_Regionalism_in_Sou/uBquBoKAytYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=laos+national+anthem&pg=PA1780&printsec=frontcover 
29. https://lilisisombat.substack.com/p/un-pere-fondateur-pres-de-chez-vous 
30. https://books.google.pl/books?id=d9hO4dWSqp4C&pg=PA56&dq=Sisana+Sisane&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkp4ivhpntAhUnmYsKHdhYDlMQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Sisana%20Sisane&f=false 
31. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Spirits_of_the_Place/a72gff91-u0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=laos+national+anthem&pg=PA133&printsec=frontcover 
32. https://www.sailmalaysia.life/country/laos 
33. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1718200/releaseinfo/?ref_=tt_dt_dt#akas

The Anthems Podcast explores the fascinating story behind "The Song of the Falklands," a unique anthem reflecting the identity and emotions of the Falkland Islands. Host Patrick delves into the complexity of the islands' history, highlighting the interplay between their colonial past and the residents' desire for autonomy. The episode reveals the curious ambiguity surrounding the song's authorship, centering on the enigmatic figure of Christopher Lanham, whose existence is shrouded in mystery. Listeners are treated to a vivid portrayal of the Falkland Islands’ natural beauty, as the song captures themes of homesickness and nostalgia, resonating with the deep emotional connection of its people to their homeland. With insights into the local culture and the adorable penguin population, this episode offers a rich tapestry of history and sentiment, inviting listeners to appreciate the Falklands beyond their geopolitical significance.

1. https://nationalanthems.info/fk.htm 
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20150628065803/http://www.diariobae.com/notas/50883-exlegislador-britanico-escribio-un-himno-para-las-malvinas.html 
3. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/great-wall-of-china-even-longer-than-previously-thought-1.1263111 
4. https://library.humanitybook.com/government/facts/Falkland-Islands (general facts)
5. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Malvinas_the_South_Georgias_and_the/sGAJSfxqd7oC?hl=en 
6. https://appventions.com/world-facts/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas 
7. https://www.getamap.net/about/falkland_islands_(_islas_malvinas_)_[_united_kingdom_]/government.html 
8. Goebel, Julius. La Pugna por las Islas Malvinas. Yale University Press.
9. https://es-academic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/1102414 
10. https://www.indexmundi.com/falkland_islands_(islas_malvinas)/national_anthem.html 
11. https://www.lelongweekend.com/guide-falkland-islands-penguins/ 
12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/microplate 
13. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ 
14. https://depositsmag.com/2016/12/29/the-geology-of-the-falkland-islands/ 
15. https://web.archive.org/web/20150628065803/http://www.diariobae.com/notas/50883-exlegislador-britanico-escribio-un-himno-para-las-malvinas.html
16. https://falklands-southatlantic.com/camp%20education.html
17. https://www.countryreports.org/country/FalklandIslands/nationalsymbols.htm 
18. https://laws.gov.gs/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/1932.pdf Pg. 3
19. https://laws.gov.gs/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/1935.pdf Pg. 17
20. https://www.lahc.net/apps/jobs/show_job.jsp?REC_ID=45037 
21. https://nationalarchives.gov.fk/ 
22. https://falklandsconservation.com/penguins/ 
23. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1413849/plotsummary/?ref_=tt_ov_pl 
24. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301165637/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConFactFile.64/HMS-Beagle.html
25. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/penguin-population-by-country

Join Patrick on a captivating journey to Timor Leste, the first nation to gain independence in the 21st century, as he explores the significance of its national anthem, "Patria." This episode delves into the rich history of this small Southeast Asian country, uncovering its colonial past and the struggle for liberation from Portuguese rule and later Indonesian occupation. Through the lens of the anthem, Patrick highlights the resilience and unity of the Timorese people, exemplified by the poignant words of poet Francesco Borja Costa and composer Afonso Redentor Araujo. As he reveals the profound emotional impact of the anthem, listeners will gain insights into the cultural identity and spirit of a nation that has faced immense challenges. Prepare to be inspired by the story of a land that fought for its freedom and the anthem that symbolizes its enduring hope and strength.

1. Tiago José Berg (2008). Hinos de todos os países do mundo (in Portuguese) (1ª ed.). São Paulo: Panda Books. p. 264. ISBN 9788578882358.
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2E0cZCHRjE 
3. https://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=34&lang=tp 
4. https://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=29&lang=en 
5. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/30/east-timor-indonesias-invasion-and-the-long-road-to-independence 
6. https://web.archive.org/web/20211217111643/https://voi.id/en/memori/473/a-piece-of-the-story-of-east-timors-independence-from-portugal-then-indonesia-was-annexed 
7. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Portuguese_and_Luso_Asian_Legacies_in_So/4A_RzBG4DjIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA88&printsec=frontcover 
8. https://www.etan.org/etanpdf/2006/CAVR/03-History-of-the-Conflict.pdf 
9. https://etan.org/etanpdf/timordocs/timmas36-7%2095-06-26.pdf 
10. https://www.britannica.com/place/East-Timor 
11. https://web.archive.org/web/20080220005502/http://www.angkasa-online.com/09/05/militer/militer3.htm 
12. https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/n10/mode/1up 
13. https://nationalanthems.info/tl.htm 
14. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Creation_of_the_East_Timorese_Econom/jkGjDwAAQBAJ?hl=en 
15. https://find.slv.vic.gov.au/discovery/fulldisplay/alma996404793607636/61SLV_INST:SLV 
16. https://web.archive.org/web/20130515133750/http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/11/2011/evidence-of-42000-year-old-deep-sea-fishing-revealed 
17. https://web.archive.org/web/20150912022030/http://hass.unsw.adfa.edu.au/Timor/3/baby/index.html 
18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868578 
19. https://rusticpathways.com/inside-rustic/online-magazine/fun-facts-about-east-timor-timor-leste 
20. https://octocabudoreal.wordpress.com/2012/12/14/literatura-do-francisco-borja-da-costa/ 
21. https://artoliterama.blogspot.com/2009/11/borja-da-costa-poemas-klibur-dadolin.html 
22. https://web.archive.org/web/20121209041357/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/revista/revista14o.htm 
23. https://www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/?q=node/5734 
24. https://rune.une.edu.au/web/bitstream/1959.11/11405/7/open/SOURCE04.pdf 
25. https://www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/public/docs/2019/serie_2/SERIE_II_NO_23.pdf 
26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znwvg 
27. https://www.jn.pt/arquivo/2008/interior/timorleste-viuva-do-poeta-borja-da-costa-recorda-a-clandestinidade-e-a-tortura-942261.html/ 
28. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383463 
29. https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/12/4/651/488938?login=false 
30. https://worldfishcenter.org/where-we-work/pacific/timor-leste 
31. https://web.archive.org/web/20170117021230/http://awsassets.wwf.org.au/downloads/mo017_the_coral_triangle_and_climate_change_1may09.pdf 
32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023062 

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Join Patrick as he explores the rich history and cultural significance of Zimbabwe through its national anthem, "Bless Our Flag of Zimbabwe." The episode delves into the life of Solomon Matswairo, the anthem's lyricist, and Fred Chengundega, who composed the music, highlighting their contributions to Zimbabwe's identity and independence. Listeners will learn about the historical context surrounding the anthem, including the colonial struggles faced by Zimbabweans, the natural beauty of the land, and the aspirations for unity and prosperity. Patrick shares insights into the anthem's themes, which celebrate national pride, the sacrifices of freedom fighters, and a hopeful vision for the future. Throughout the journey, listeners are invited to appreciate the anthem not just as a song, but as a powerful reflection of a nation's resilience and hope.

CAN credentialed: Creatoraccountabilitynetwork.org

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20220514191220/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ac8SNrVcUqlsJ%3Awww.zim.gov.zw%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmy-government%2Fgovernment-ministries%2Fnational-symbols%2F462-the-national-anthem+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk 
2. https://www.law.co.zw/download/national-anthem-act/ 
3. https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/312646 
4. https://zimembassydc.org/country-profile/ 
5. https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/26606/thesis_dlodlo_s.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 
6. https://www.pindula.co.zw/Fred_Changundega/ 
7. https://earground.com/composer-of-zimbabwes-national-anthem-music-lecturer-freddy-changundega-speaks-out/
8. https://www.showbiz.co.zw/meet-fred-changundega-of-zcc-mbungo-the-maestro-behind-the-hits-ndire-ndire-and-samere/
9. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA212035387&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=02564718&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Ee5c5a9d1&aty=open-web-entry 
10. Palley, Claire (1966). The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia, 1888-1965: with special reference to imperial control. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198216315.
11. https://dbpedia.org/page/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe 
12. Bessant, Leslie (1994). "Songs of Chiweshe and Songs of Zimbabwe". African Affairs. 93 (370): 43–73.
13. https://www.bulawayo1872.com/history/ndebele.htm 
14. Burgess, Don (1982). "Three Continents Press: A Blazer of Trails". Journal of Black Studies. 12 (4): 451–456.
15. https://archive.org/details/greatzimbabwe0000garl 
16. Burgess, M. Elaine (1981). "Ethnic Scale and Intensity: The Zimbabwean Experience". Social Forces. 59 (3): 601–626.
17. http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm 
18. Chimhundu, Herbert (1992). "Early Missionaries and the Ethnolinguistic Factor during the 'Invention of Tribalism' in Zimbabwe". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 87–109.
19. https://www.herald.co.zw/tribute-to-great-writer-pof-mutsvairo/ 
20. Ranger, Terence (1977). "The People in African Resistance: A Review". Journal of Southern African Studies. 4 (1): 125–146.
21. Williams, Angela A. (1998). "Mother Tongue: Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo". The Journal of African Travel-Writing (4): 36–44.
22. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Solomon-M-Mutswairo 
23. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-full-text-pdf/B1B917618089 
24. https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/ndlovu-national-anthem-producer-dies/#google_vignette 
25. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/18125980802298666 
26. Hensman, Howard. Cecil Rhodes: A Study of a Career.
27. https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/37785/how-fast-were-the-lunar-command-module-and-landing-module-traveling-around-the-m 
28. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/11/newsid_2658000/2658445.stm 
29. https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf 
30. https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm 

Today’s episode of the Anthems podcast explores the national anthem of Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China, titled "The Three Principles." The story behind this anthem is intertwined with significant historical events, including the Xinhai Revolution and the complex relationships between key revolutionary figures. Patrick navigates through the colonial past of Taiwan and how its anthem reflects the ideals of nationalism, democracy, and the welfare of the people as envisioned by Sun Yat-sen. The episode delves into the anthem's creation, its musical composition, and its cultural significance, offering insights into how it embodies the spirit of governance and the unique narrative of Taiwan within the broader context of Chinese history. Join us as we uncover the rich tapestry of history and music that defines this powerful national symbol.

My Sources:

1. https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_3.php 
2. https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/97 
3. Guy, Nancy (Winter 2002). ""Republic of China National Anthem" on Taiwan: One Anthem, One Performance, Multiple Realities". Ethnomusicology. 6 (1): 96–119. doi:10.2307/852809. JSTOR 852809
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145311/http://news.chinatimes.com/mainland/11050506/112011071900180.html 
5. Oosterhoff, J.L. (1985). "Zeelandia, a Dutch colonial city on Formosa (1624–1662)". In Ross, Robert; Telkamp, Gerard J. (eds.). Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context. Springer. pp. 51–62. ISBN 978-90-247-2635-6.
6. Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China. Land. Executive Yuan. 2022-12-14 [ 2023-03-29 ] . ( Archived from the original on 2022-03-04)
7. Paine, S.C.M (2003). The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81714-1.
8. Zhang, Yufa (1998), Zhonghua Minguo shigao 中華民國史稿, Taipei, Taiwan: Lian jing (聯經), ISBN 957-08-1826-3.
9. https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20171010000484-260309?chdtv 
10. http://www.xhgmw.com/html/xiezhen/jishi/2014/0716/3945.html 
11. Huo Xiuyong. A New Study on the 1911 Revolution in the Hubei and Hubei Regions. National University of Defense Technology Press. 2008. ISBN  9787810995504 .
12. https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=dVzLG1aqlNkC&pg=PA373&dq=Modern+China+Liao+Zhong+Kai+workers&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ei=w47dULvxBsnImQXomoGQAg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Modern%20China%20Liao%20Zhong%20Kai%20workers&f=false 
13. https://archive.org/details/shenzhou-ribao-shanghai-1913.07.01/page/3/mode/1up 
14. https://www.google.com/books/edition/China_s_Relations_with_Japan_1945_83/JAsNAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA23&printsec=frontcover 
15. http://books.google.com/books?id=cNpdWZddi3kC&pg=PA541 
16. https://www.scribd.com/document/340486936/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt-Tr%E1%BA%A7n-Tr%E1%BA%A7n-Xuan-Sinh 
17.  Suisheng Zhao (1995). Power by Design: Constitution-Making in Nationalist China. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 9780824863982.
18. https://web.archive.org/web/20101125083203/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747553,00.html 
19. https://www.thenewslens.com/article/132628 
20. Hirata Koji, "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914." Modern Asian Studies 47.3 (2013): 895–934.
21. https://web.archive.org/web/20140715082547/http://www.jxcbw.cn/wenhua/keji/20140227/33284.html 
22. https://web.archive.org/web/20140806053554/http://www.kmt.org.tw/page.aspx?id=146 
23.  刘敬坤．方治其人[J]．民国春秋，1994（2）：42－46
24. https://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/07/64/89.html 
25. Zhang Zhongli, Li Rongchang, translator: "The Chinese Gentleman: A Study on His Role in 19th Century Chinese Society" (Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 1991).
26. https://web.archive.org/web/20111122083920/http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpbxj0010.htm 
27. Lu, Yan; Re-Understanding Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 2004) is an English-language study of Dai Jitao and three other Chinese intellectuals, in context of their contributions to 20th-century Sino-Japanese relations.
28. https://m.sohu.com/n/408905092 
29.  "The 45th regular meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang decided to adopt the current party anthem as the national anthem", National History Museum Digital Archive Number 001-010014-00001-019
30. https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/965594 
31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/2/newsid_3582000/3582545.stm 
32. https://news.ifeng.com/history/2/shidian/200806/0621_2666_609789_1.shtml 

http://www.people.com.cn/

Patrick takes listeners on a journey to St. Lucia, a nation recently celebrated for its first Olympic medal, achieved by Julian Alfred in the 100 meters. The episode explores the historical and geographical context of this Caribbean island, highlighting its colonial past marked by conflict between European powers. The discussion delves into the national anthem, "Sons and Daughters of St. Lucia," crafted by Father Charles Jesse, who also played a significant role in the island's cultural development. Patrick examines the lyrical content, emphasizing themes of patriotism, unity, and hope for the future while reflecting on the island's natural beauty and resilience. Throughout the episode, the intertwining of history, music, and identity showcases the rich cultural tapestry of St. Lucia and its journey towards independence.

I hope you enjoyed it. Irritatingly I have encountered some motorcycle noise in the record but next time I have some ideas. Here are my sources:

1. https://archive.stlucia.gov.lc/saint_lucia/national_anthem/national_anthem_of_saint_lucia.htm 
2. https://sports.yahoo.com/how-julien-alfred-went-from-running-barefoot-in-st-lucia-to-the-fastest-woman-in-the-world-224013986.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAD8Neq-ZG6jbQMTzQ_Ti3ZuRk-vn02AuTbQvDVDTN9ezwnEDNjYDIeFEJky2xaEX8eeesH7U_Of567r-mece_O62rR0U71y1Oa_um4Tmk1Fxrjx9TvAeeO7Li_KKPvA9NJgSI6IBHeV5SiJHyrjweGSnTQCS-fUS22WvtHI0edu0 
3. https://issuu.com/amsstlucia/docs/independence_magazine_2016websv4/24 
4. https://www.ourhistory.org.uk/saint-lucia-colonisation-to-independence/ 
5. https://books.google.com/books?id=xutfBgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT4073&q=Sons+and+Daughters+of+Saint+Lucia+Charles+Jesse+Leton+Felix+Thomas&hl=en&source=newbks_fb 
6. https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/80e534d1-d5d1-4236-ae2a-d6ca255509ce/content 
7. https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/julien-alfred_1537325 
8. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Outlines_of_St_Lucia_s_History/dX9sAAAAMAAJ?hl=en 
9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Saint_Lucia_the_Romance_of_Its_Place_Nam/W0_lMgEACAAJ?hl=en 
10. https://www.govt.lc/nationalanthem 
11. https://stluciatimes.com/159012/2023/11/national-combined-schools-choir-prepares-for-official-launch/ 
12. Harmsen, Jolien; Ellis, Guy; Devaux, Robert (2014). A History of St Lucia. Vieux Fort: Lighthouse Road.
13. https://stluciaconsulate.ca/about-saint-lucia/national-symbols/ 
14. https://www.govt.lc/news/kw-y-l-national-anthem-approved 
15. https://culturalheritageofsaintlucia.wordpress.com/music/st-lucias-national-anthem/ 
16. https://archive.stlucia.gov.lc/saint_lucia/saintluciaconstitution/the_saint_lucia_constitution.htm 
17. https://stluciatimes.com/161120/2024/01/saint-lucia-government-pays-tribute-to-sir-leton-thomas/
18. https://stluciatimes.com/160987/2024/01/pierre-extends-condolences-on-death-of-sir-leton-thomas/
19. https://saintluciaconsulateny.org/about-saint-lucia 
20. https://britishonlinearchives.com/collections/73/volumes/509/st-lucia-1828-1938?filters[query]=&filters[className]=document 
21. http://www.geographia.com/st-lucia/lchis01.htm 
22. https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/caribbean/st-lucia/history-and-culture 
23. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-lucia/ 
24. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19833213 
25. https://www.stlucia.org/en/discover-saint-lucia/history-culture/ 
26. http://saintluciamissionun.org/about-saint-lucia/ 
27. https://www.caribbeannationalweekly.com/caribbean-breaking-news-featured/st-lucia-cabinet-adopts-kweyol-version-of-national-anthem/ 
28. https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Lucia/History 
29. https://www.embassyofstlucia.org/history-of-saint-lucia 
30. https://www.oasismarigot.com/st-lucia-island/explore/history-culture/ 
31. https://salcc.edu.lc/sir-leton-thomas.php 
32. https://stluciafacts.weebly.com/interesting-and-fun-facts-about-st-lucia.html 
33. https://nationalanthemart.com/Saint-Lucia 
34. https://www.indexmundi.com/saint_lucia/religions.html#:~:text=Religions%3A%20Roman%20Catholic%2061.5%25%2C,%25%2C%20unspecified%201.4%25%20(2010 
35. https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-investment-climate-statements/saint-lucia/#:~:text=Saint%20Lucia%20remains%20vulnerable%20to,by%20the%20end%20of%202024. 
36. https://shaftesbury-remembers.goldhillmuseum.org.uk/story/charles-jesse/