Herbert Simon's 1962 paper, "The Architecture of Complexity," explores the prevalence and implications of hierarchical structures in complex systems across diverse fields. The paper argues that hierarchical organization facilitates the rapid evolution of complex systems by providing stable intermediate forms. Simon introduces the concept of "near decomposability," where interactions within subsystems are stronger than those between them, simplifying analysis and description. This near decomposability is linked to the comprehensibility of complex systems, as it allows for simplified representations. The paper further examines how hierarchical structures relate to problem-solving, self-reproduction, and the development of organisms, suggesting that process descriptions, rather than state descriptions, are crucial for understanding these complex processes.

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Simon, H. A. (1991). The architecture of complexity. In G. J. Klir, Facets of Systems Science (pp. 457–476). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0718-9_31

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