How does a spacecraft know where it’s pointed in deep space with no GPS, no magnetic field, and no visual landmarks?

In this episode, we break down how DeepSpace‑2 uses commercial star trackers to determine its attitude and stay mission-capable. From orbital camera calibration and angular rate limits to frame-matching and flight software integration, Jeff (Perception Engineer) and Armand (Head of GNC and Flight Software) walk us through how we keep a spacecraft stable, power-positive, and on course when everything depends on knowing exactly where you’re pointed.