Robotics emerges as another transformative force. While many surgeons remain skeptical, Dr. Chen makes a compelling case for why robotics will eventually become standard.

Perhaps most exciting is the potential to address periprosthetic joint infection (PJI)—what Dr. Chen calls "the holy grail" challenge in joint replacement. From implant coatings that prevent bacterial adhesion to novel technologies that disrupt biofilm formation, the future may include treatments that can eliminate infections without removing well-fixed implants.