The Byzantine Empire, which served as the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East from 330 to 1453 CE. Founded by Emperor Constantine the Great, who established Constantinople as the new capital, the Byzantine Empire preserved Roman traditions while evolving into a distinct entity characterized by Greek language, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and a powerful military.

Key rulers such as Justinian I expanded the empire and codified Roman law in the Corpus Juris Civilis, while constructing monumental architecture like the Hagia Sophia. The empire's strategic military innovations, including Greek Fire and the theme system, helped defend against various invasions.

Despite its strengths, the Byzantine Empire faced constant threats from external forces, internal strife, and political instability. Significant challenges included the Great Schism of 1054, the Fourth Crusade's sacking of Constantinople in 1204, and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, which ultimately conquered Constantinople in 1453.

The Byzantine Empire's legacy includes the preservation of classical knowledge, the spread of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and significant contributions to art, architecture, and law, influencing cultures across Europe, Asia, and beyond.

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