On April 29, 2026, the Supreme Court ruled six to three in Louisiana v. Callais that the state's congressional map containing a second majority-Black district was an unconstitutional racial gerrymander. The Court did not formally hold Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act unconstitutional. It tightened the Gingles framework in three operative ways and changed the baseline of equal electoral opportunity from the totality of present conditions to the opportunity produced by the state's legitimate districting choices. Justice Kagan, in dissent joined by Sotomayor and Jackson, called the decision 'all but a dead letter' for Section 2 in most redistricting cases. Justice Thomas, joined by Gorsuch, would have gone further. The episode walks anti-classification vs. anti-subordination as the two underlying constitutional grammars (Siegel; Balkin), the empirical race-party collinearity problem and the methodological toolkit (ecological inference; ensemble simulations; Cooper v. Harris; Alexander v. South Carolina NAACP), the long arc from Reconstruction through White v. Regester, the 1982 amendments, Shelby, Rucho, Brnovich, Milligan, SFFA, and Alexander to Callais (with Foner and Du Bois as the historical scholarship), the political-science literature on representation (Pitkin's typology; Lublin's paradox; Guinier's Tyranny of the Majority alternatives), subnational authoritarianism in the American South (Mickey; Gibson) with bounded application, and what other multiracial democracies have done — Northern Ireland's Good Friday parallel-consent rules, India's Articles 330 and 332, New Zealand's Maori electorates continuous since 1867, South Africa's choice of proportional representation as a structural rather than racial remedy, Lebanon's confessional system as a comparative warning case, all framed through Lijphart's consociationalism and Horowitz's centripetalism. Six plausible-futures scenarios with named leading and disconfirming indicators (no probabilities). Approximately 21,500 words. The episode does not land a verdict.

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