What does it really mean to be a genius—and can it be made, or only born? In this episode, we unpack how the idea of genius evolved from an ancient “guardian spirit” into a modern label for extraordinary minds, and why defining it today is surprisingly hard. We explore the long-running battle between nature and nurture, from Francis Galton’s flawed obsession with inherited brilliance to modern research showing how intense practice can physically reshape the brain. Is genius just extreme talent, or something rarer—a once-in-a-lifetime collision of ability, effort, and circumstance? And why does our fascination with genius say as much about society as it does about intelligence itself?

Robinson, Andrew, 'Defining genius', Genius: A Very Short Introduction, Very Short Introductions (Oxford, 2011; online edn, Oxford Academic, 24 Sept. 2013), https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199594405.003.0001