Offers an in-depth explanation of the evolutionary phenomenon of pygmy animals, focusing on how certain species become significantly smaller than their close relatives. It discusses island dwarfism as a primary factor—an evolutionary response to limited resources and reduced predation pressure—illustrated by examples such as miniature lemurs and chameleons inhabiting the island of Nosy Hara. The overview also examines non-island species like the pygmy hippopotamus of West Africa, whose reduced size is linked to its dense rainforest environment. Additional explanations include character displacement, which may account for the size variations seen in pygmy slow lorises, and dietary specialization, exemplified by the pygmy marmoset, which evolved to feed on small food sources such as tree sap and insects. Overall, the text highlights how environmental pressures, resource availability, and ecological roles shape the evolution of miniature species.
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