Dr. Hakeem Ali-Bocas Alexander presents Section 2 of his paper, "Axiom of Necessity," which examines the historical failure of successive cosmological models.

He traces the progression from geocentric to heliocentric, galactic, and expanding universe models, showing how each new paradigm only encounters its own boundary of explanation.

Contemporary models like the Cyclic Universe and Multiverse are revealed not as solutions, but as sophisticated deferrals of the fundamental problem of origins.

Dr. Alexander introduces the First Principle Problem, arguing that the failure is now ontological, not just observational.

He explains how the M.E.T.A. framework exposes the inadequacy of contingent, descriptive models and logically necessitates the declaration of a self-evident, axiomatic foundation.

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