In this lecture, Professor Totten argues misunderstandings over the concept of private landownership, white supremacy, and the desire to subjugate all rival sovereignties to federal authority led to numerous wars between the United States and native tribes. Combined the suppression of native cultures and the near eradication of the buffalo, native populations dropped to their lowest point by the turn of the 20th century. This ethnic cleansing enabled new European immigrants, Chinese, extractive industries, and white and black Americans to settle the West. There, they joined existing Latino populations, who had lived on the land with Native Americans for centuries. This new racial geography perplexed many American politicians and pseudo-scientists. Meanwhile, extractive industries created a near colonial like relationship in the West, which sent raw materials to the East, in order to fuel industrialization.

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