Firearms instructors who certify incompetent students commit negligent enablement, creating significant civil and criminal liability. The author emphasizes that passing a shooter who cannot consistently hit a standard torso target replaces a lack of skill with a dangerous, false confidence. Such "certificate mills" ignore observable failures, making the instructor legally responsible for foreseeable harm caused by the student in public. By prioritizing profit over proficiency, these trainers transform themselves into liability generators who jeopardize public safety. 

https://valortec.com/instructor-liability-certificate-mills/