The teaching of Zen in the USW by newly arrived teachers from Japan such as Shunryu Suzuki, coincided with the rise of self-psychology found in the work of influential therapists such as Carl Rogers and Heinz Kohut. Rogers and Kohut popularised the notion of self-esteem and how the self could be injured in childhood leading to disorders of the self. This social construction of the individualistic self, contrasted with collective identity found in other cultures and shaped how western Zen developed a psychological approach to Zen practice.