At the twilight of the Spanish empire, the province of Texas continued to experience periodic incursions by groups of freebooters known the filibusters. There were the privateers, including Louis Michel Aury and Jean Lafitte, who turned Galveston Island into a haven for revolution and piracy. There revolutionaries such as Mina and Perry, whose Texas incursions would spell their doom. The last of these was led by Dr. James Long, who would see little success in his endeavors, but the impact his and all the filibusters would be felt for years afterwards.