Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which includes antibiotic resistance, occurs when germs like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and no longer respond to the medicines used to treat them. This means that antibiotics and other drugs become ineffective, and infections become increasingly complex or impossible to treat. AMR is now considered one of humanity's top global public health and development threats. Bacterial AMR was estimated to be directly responsible for 1.27 million global deaths in 2019 and contributed to 4.95 million deaths. The increasing number of infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms, sometimes called "superbugs," is growing faster than the development of new antibiotics.

This loss of antibiotic effectiveness threatens to return humanity to a time when a simple cut could become life-threatening. It puts many of the gains of modern medicine at risk, making procedures like surgery, caesarean sections, and cancer chemotherapy much riskier. The sources highlight that while antibiotics have been the backbone of modern medicine, saving millions of lives and making essential health services safer, the miracle of these drugs is now slipping away. A world without effective antibiotics, sometimes referred to as the "post-antibiotic apocalypse," would also impact the food chain, as animals and plants would become ill and die.

How Did We Get Here? The Role of Antibiotic Abuse

The primary driver in developing drug-resistant pathogens is the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and plants. Humans are frequently cited as having "ruined" antibiotics through reckless actions.

Key contributing factors to antibiotic abuse include:

Lack of Awareness and Knowledge: People lack awareness about how to take medicines correctly. They may exchange prescription medicine, use leftover medication, or consider media and friends as credible sources for medical information.

Inappropriate Prescribing by Healthcare Professionals: Doctors, nurses, and chemists contribute to the overuse of antimicrobials. This includes prescribing antibiotics without knowing the underlying cause of illness, being willing to prescribe to ill-informed individuals who believe antibiotics can cure nearly all diseases (even viral infections like the common cold), and prescribing antibiotics even when no bacterial infection is detected, such as was often done during the COVID-19 pandemic. Financial incentives and misconceptions can also contribute to this. Prescriptions for antibiotics have been given for conditions usually of viral origin.

Self-Medication: Using antimicrobials without a prescription is another driving force leading to overuse.

Overuse in Agriculture: There has been an enormous increase in the use of antimicrobials in the animal health sector. These drugs are often used not only to treat and prevent infection but also to promote rapid growth. Giving antibiotics to animals without veterinary supervision contributes to this problem.

Over-reliance on Antibiotics as Prevention: Using antibiotics as a cure instead of focusing on preventing infection in the first place leads to over-dependence.

Use of Low-Dose or Non-Lethal Quantities:

Antibiotics apply selective pressure, making it more likely that bacteria with resistance mechanisms will survive and multiply, creating new resistant strains. Resistance can arise through spontaneous mutation, horizontal gene transfer (where bacteria share resistance genes), and increased selective pressure from antibiotic overuse.

What Can Be Done? Options to Prevent the Crisis