The Medical Notes by Dr. Fujikawa

Criteria for watchful waiting vs intervention based on stone size (<10 mm) and location
Natural expulsion rates: 68% for stones <5 mm, 47% for 5–10 mm within four weeks
Key diagnostics: ultrasound and X-ray to confirm stone presence and position
Pain management with NSAIDs and guidelines for safe, steady fluid intake
Warning signs of infection or obstruction—fever, chills—and the need for urgent urology follow-up

Why cystitis rarely self-resolves and the importance of urine tests
Signs of progression to pyelonephritis and when fever indicates danger
Anatomical factors in women that increase UTI risk and key symptoms
Diagnostic tools: urinalysis, bacterial culture, and ultrasound checks
Antibiotic treatment: choosing the right drug and finishing the full course

The three core reasons for nighttime urination overload
How to track bedtimes, wake-ups, and urine volume with a voiding diary
Differentiating excess urine production, bladder storage issues, and sleep disorders
Lifestyle adjustments: fluid, caffeine, alcohol, salt intake, and compression stockings
Recommended tests and when to consult a urologist for tailored treatment

Why the real culprit isn’t a jagged stone but trapped urine and pressure buildup
How ureteral spasms create wave-like pain known as renal colic
Pain migration: from the flank and back down to the groin as the stone moves
Associated symptoms: nausea, vomiting, cold sweats, and rapid heartbeat
Why chugging water can worsen an attack and when to head to the hospital

The critical role of urine culture tests in pinpointing resistant bacteria
Type 1 UTIs: acute episodes triggered by clear events like post-intercourse
Type 2 UTIs: hormonal changes after menopause that weaken urinary defenses
Type 3 complex UTIs: hidden structural issues or systemic conditions fueling recurrence
When to stop self-diagnosing and consult a urologist for persistent or atypical symptoms

Hydration essentials: aim for 1.5–2 liters of fluids daily to increase urine volume and prevent crystal formation
Top beverage picks: mineral water, barley tea, rooibos tea; why to limit coffee, black tea, and juice
Diet adjustments: moderate animal protein and salt, maintain balanced calcium and oxalate intake
Lifestyle factors: how regular exercise and controlling diabetes or high blood pressure reduce stone risk
Ongoing care: importance of routine checkups to monitor and prevent recurrence if you’ve had stones