The Nicene Creed (Filioque) The sermon explores the historical and theological significance of the filioque clause—'and the Son'—in the Nicene Creed, tracing its origins to the 6th-century Council of Toledo and its later adoption in the Western Church, which contributed to the East-West schism of 1054. It highlights how tensions over ecclesiastical authority, language barriers, and differing theological emphases exacerbated divisions, with the East viewing the clause as a unilateral alteration of an ecumenical creed and the West seeing it as a necessary affirmation of the Spirit's economic work through Christ. The sermon distinguishes between the economic Trinity—God's actions in creation and redemption—and the ontological Trinity—God's eternal being—arguing that the debate centers on whether the Spirit's economic procession from the Son reflects His eternal essence. Ultimately, it calls for humility, recognizing that human language and finite understanding cannot fully grasp the infinite mystery of God's inner life, and urges Christians to prioritize unity over doctrinal precision in the face of profound theological uncertainty.