A big discussion for Gus and Harley examines the economic and political forces that instigated the First and Second Opium Wars, highlighting the British and Western pursuit of profitable opium trade to offset a trade imbalance with China. It describes how China's attempts to suppress opium through Commissioner Lin Zexu's actions led to British military intervention and ultimately, China's defeat and forced concessions like the opening of more ports and unequal treaties. The text also details the widespread impact of opium addiction in China, the international network of opium production and smuggling, and the Qing Dynasty's initial resistance to extensive foreign trade. Finally, it underscores how these conflicts reshaped China's relationship with Western powers, leading to lasting resentment.