The conversation reviews: Giorgi, A. (2022).  Punishment. In B. Skeggs, S. R. Farris, A. Toscano, S. Bromberg (Eds.) Punishment (Vol. 3, pp. 212-231). SAGE Publications Ltd,This source from the Sage Handbook of Marxism examines the relationship between capitalist transformations and the evolution of punishment. It argues that the shift to neoliberal governance has led to increased social inequality and a corresponding expansion of penal powers and technologies of social control. The text explores how economic restructuring and the management of surplus populations are linked to changes in incarceration rates and punitive practices, particularly in the USA. Furthermore, it discusses the political economy of punishment as a critical framework for understanding these developments, including the role of race and the impact of the "prison industrial complex".