Human Nature: Machiavelli believed that men are inherently ambitious and selfish, motivated by self-interest and the desire for power. He argues that human propensity for evil is influenced by social and historical context, and that a prince must recognize and confront this reality to govern effectively.

Fortune: Machiavelli compares fortune to a raging river that can flood plains, destroy trees, and ruin buildings. He argues that fortune governs half of human actions, leaving the other half, or almost that, under our control. The unpredictability of fortune is a powerful force that a prince must try to control and dominate through virtu.

Virtu: For Machiavelli, virtu is not limited to moral goodness. It is the ability of a prince to act with boldness, intelligence, and adaptability to overcome challenges and shape circumstances to his favor. It includes qualities such as strength, cunning, courage, determination, and the ability to recognize and seize opportunities. Virtu is essential for a prince who wishes to achieve greatness and glory.

Government: Machiavelli advocates for a strong and pragmatic government, led by a prince capable of using force and cunning when necessary. He argues that a prince should be both feared and loved, but fear is more important for maintaining control. A prince must be able to build solid foundations for his government, cultivating the loyalty of his subjects, building strong armies, and taking decisive measures to ensure his security and the stability of the state.