In this lecture, Dr. Totten argues the ratification debates illustrated the disagreement among Americans regarding the adoption of the new Constitution. Federalists undertook a successful propaganda campaign and wrote numerous "Federalist Papers" that discussed the benefits of the new government for the people. Anti-federalists argued the new government was far to powerful and would merely create an aristocracy in the new nation. The founders also debated the nature of implied versus enumerated powers, which continues to this day. In the end, the Constitution was adopted and the first ten amendments or "Bill of Rights" was added to the Constitution. These amendments protect many of our rights, though they can be interpreted narrowly or broadly in order to subvert these privileges and immunities of U.S. citizens.

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