The story of the Root and Branch Petition begins with a crowd of ordinary Londoners who had finally reached the limits of their patience. In December 1640 they walked to Westminster with a document that called for the complete removal of the bishops and every office connected to them. They believed the Church had grown tangled, corrupt, and dangerous, and they wanted the whole system pulled out by the roots. It was a bold request, and it carried the weight of fifteen thousand signatures. Parliament could not ignore that kind of noise, even in a city that was never short on noise.

This petition arrived at a moment when England was already creaking under the strain of King Charles I, his Personal Rule, and the heavy hand of Archbishop William Laud. Years of forced ceremonies, harsh punishments, and failed wars had pushed the kingdom into open frustration. The petition captured that feeling and gave it a sharp point.

Today we explore how one document helped expose the fractures in English politics and religion, why Parliament struggled to answer it, and how the debate around it helped propel England toward a civil war that changed the course of its history.