What happened in the 13th century philosophical world that radically changed the nature of Western European culture (hint we are still dealing with it today)?

What did these people believe about the nature of mathematics (and why should you care)?

Who was Joseph Pieper (and for that matter Romano Guardini) (and why should you read both of them)?

"Scholasticism" by Pieper: https://www.amazon.com/Scholasticism-Personalities-Problems-Medieval-Philosophy/dp/1587317508/ref=sr_1_11?crid=3SRLJVZDEV80P&keywords=scholasticism&qid=1674002053&sprefix=scholastici%2Caps%2C517&sr=8-11

"The End of the Modern World" by Guardini: https://www.amazon.com/End-Modern-World-Romano-Guardini/dp/1882926587/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1CB78O0A5D8UL&keywords=the+end+of+the+modern+world&qid=1674002090&sprefix=the+end+of+the+modern+worl%2Caps%2C133&sr=8-1