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《The Truth About Lying:谎言的真相(第一部)》谎言的起源


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TheTruthAboutLying

In the 1970s, as part of a large-scale research programme exploring the area of Interspecies communication, Dr Francine Patterson from Stanford University attempted to teach two lowland gorillas called Michael and Koko a simplified version of Sign Language. According to Patterson, the great apes were capable of holding meaningful conversations, and could even reflect upon profound topics, such as love and death. During the project, their trainers believe they uncovered instances where the two gorillas' linguistic skills seemed to provide reliable evidence of intentional deceit. In one example, Koko broke a toy cat, and then signed to indicate that the breakage had been caused by one of her trainers.

In another episode, Michael ripped a jacket belonging to a trainer and, when asked who was responsible for the incident, signed ‘Koko’. When the trainer expressed some scepticism, Michael appeared to change his mind, and indicated that Dr Patterson was actually responsible, before finally confessing.

Other researchers have explored the development of deception in children. Some of the most interesting experiments have involved asking youngsters not to take a peek at their favourite toys. During these studies, a child is led into a laboratory and asked to face one of the walls. The experimenter then explains that he is going to set up an elaborate toy a few feet behind them. After setting up the toy, the experimenter says that he has to leave the laboratory, and asks the child not to turn around and peek at the toy. The child is secretly filmed by hidden cameras for a few minutes, and then the experimenter returns and asks them whether they peeked. Almost all three-year-olds do, and then half of them lie about it to the experimenter. By the time the children have reached the age of five, all of them peek and all of them lie. The results provide compelling evidence that lying starts to emerge the moment we learn to speak.


谎言的真相 (第一部) 谎言的起源

在20世纪70年代,作为一个探索物种间交流领域的大规模研究项目的一部分,斯坦福大学的弗朗辛·帕特森博士试图教两只低地大猩猩迈克尔和科科一种简化版的手语。 根据帕特森的说法,类人猿能够进行有意义的对话,甚至能够思考深刻的话题,比如爱和死亡。 在这个项目中,他们的训练者相信他们发现了这两只大猩猩的语言技能似乎提供了蓄意欺骗的可靠证据。 在一个例子中,Koko弄坏了一只玩具猫,然后用手势表示破损是由她的一位训练员造成的。 

在另一集中,迈克尔撕破了一名教练的夹克,当被问及谁对此事负责时,他用手语表达了“科科”。 当教练表示怀疑时,迈克尔似乎改变了主意,并暗示帕特森博士确实有责任,最后他才坦白。 

其他研究人员探索了儿童欺骗的发展。一些最有趣的实验是要求青少年不要偷看他们最喜欢的玩具。 在这些研究中,一个孩子被带进一个实验室,并被要求面对一面墙。 然后实验者解释说,他将在他们身后几英尺处设置一个精致的玩具。 设置好玩具后,实验者说他必须离开实验室,并要求孩子不要转身偷看玩具。 孩子被隐藏的摄像机秘密拍摄了几分钟,然后实验者回来问他们是否偷看了。 几乎所有三岁的孩子都会偷看,但其中一半的孩子会对实验者撒谎。当孩子们长到五岁时,所有的孩子都会偷看,都会撒谎。 研究结果提供了令人信服的证据,证明从我们学会说话的那一刻起,谎言就开始出现了。


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大白早自习:每天5分钟,学知识,练英文By 苏大白本白