Thelonious Monk- Underground (Columbia) 

Released May 1968 

Produced by Teo Macero, Underground captures Monk with his longtime quartet: Charlie Rouse (tenor saxophone), Larry Gales (bass), and Ben Riley (drums), plus a vocal cameo from Jon Hendricks on “In Walked Bud.” The record balances new compositions like “Green Chimneys” and “Boo Boo’s Birthday” with revisited Monk staples, all delivered with the group’s seasoned interplay and elastic swing.

Though jazz was competing with rock’s cultural dominance, Monk remained uncompromising—angular melodies, dissonant harmonies, abrupt silences, and percussive attack intact. The Grammy-winning cover, depicting Monk as a member of the French Resistance, symbolized both defiance and individuality. Artistically rather than commercially driven, Underground closes a defining chapter in Monk’s Columbia era and reaffirms his singular place in modern jazz. (S5-Ep7)