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In this episode, April reveals that her husband is a rain god. Well, he's not, but he thinks he is. She discusses this uniquely human thing we do called magical thinking.
Episode 36 Show Notes (oooh, so many sources!)

Good basic explanation of magical thinking:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/magical-thinking
Wait, here's another one:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/magical-thinking
How is magical thinking a cognitive distortion?
https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/mental-health/magical-thinking-effects-cognitive-distortion
Amanda Montell's awesome book:
https://www.amazon.com/Age-Magical-Overthinking-Modern-Irrationality/dp/1668007975
Scientific American articles on the topic:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-come-some-people-believe-in-the-paranormal/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-can-you-fight-conspiracy-theories/
Do dead people pinch us while we sleep? Probably not:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-and-praxis/202310/the-benefits-and-consequences-of-magical-thinking
Healthline's article:
https://www.healthline.com/health/magical-thinking#:~:text=Magical%20thinking%20involves%20the%20belief%20that%20you%20can,something%20that%20has%20no%20bearing%20on%20the%20circumstances.
Matthew Hutson and the positive side of magical thinking:
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12933497-the-7-laws-of-magical-thinking
How magical thinking and OCD are connected:
https://www.verywellhealth.com/magical-thinking-ocd-5220558
Salon.com articles on the topic:
https://www.salon.com/2018/09/10/a-neuroscientist-explains-how-religious-fundamentalism-hijacks-the-brain_partner/
https://www.salon.com/2024/04/09/from-conspiracy-theories-to-manifesting-how-to-navigate-the-age-of-magical-overthinking/
How to Talk to Conspiracy Theorists:
https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/critical-thinking-pseudoscience/zen-and-art-talking-conspiracy-theorists
Interview with Eric Oliver:
https://news.uchicago.edu/podcasts/big-brains/science-conspiracy-theories-and-political-polarization-eric-oliver
Mick West is awesome. Links for his book and his webpage, Metabunk:

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In this episode, April discusses an unfair and unethical debate tactic used by many politicians, conspiracy theorists, and anyone else who insists on "winning" arguments. She also revisits Brandolini's Law, which means she gets to say "bullshit" more than a few times.

Episode 35 Show Notes

https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/gish-gallop.html
A good basic description of the Gish Gallop.

https://effectiviology.com/gish-gallop/
Itamar Schatz's website, Effectiviology, is one of my go-to places for everything fallacy-related.

“On the Trail With RFK Jr." On the Media. Podcast. June 30, 2023.
Um, not sure how to link to this, but you can certainly search for it on Apple Podcasts or wherever you listen. RFK Jr. is well-known for using the Gish Gallop in his speeches and interviews.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=murvOaHB66A
Wanna see some really fast talkers? These student debaters can speak at 500 words per minute, which is twice as fast as Congressman Jim Jordan. But unlike him, they have to make sense and provide evidence for their claims.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-FGKxaCdS0
I took Congressman Jordan's Gish Gallop example from this succinct YouTube video about how to counter the Gish Gallop technique.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/11/readout-of-president-bidens-video-call-with-transatlantic-leaders/
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/17/readout-of-president-bidens-call-with-president-zelenskyy-of-ukraine-13/
Here are two readouts of diplomatic calls President Biden has made.

https://qz.com/905252/donald-trumps-lies-are-all-part-of-a-debate-tactic-called-the-gish-gallop
Carl Alvioni's excellent article on Gish Gallops.

Everything below has to do with the Trump-Ukraine call:
https://www.politico.com/news/2019/09/25/donald-trump-ukraine-call-analysis-000039

https://www.npr.org/2019/10/12/768935251/trump-ukraine-and-the-path-to-the-impeachment-inquiry-a-timeline

https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/14/pelosi-trump-impeachment-ukraine-00061649

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-ukraine-transcript-moved_n_5dba4ec5e4b0bb1ea37476e5

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/us/politics/nsc-ukraine-call.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-lawyer-moved-transcript-of-trump-call-to-classified-server-af

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In this episode, April warns people that they might need a break while listening; but in the end, it's surprisingly positive. Just like her!!!

Episode 34 Show Notes

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-to-know-existential-dread
Good discussion of the basics of existentialism, existential dread, why existential crises occur and how to handle them.

https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220929-the-unsettling-power-of-existential-dread
David Robson's article explains how existential dread changes the way we think, reporting on the upswing in conspiracy theories after distressing events that trigger existential dread.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denial_of_Death
Yep, I'm citing Wikipedia here, but it's a decent discussion of Ernest Becker's groundbreaking work.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/31/the-worm-at-the-core-on-the-role-of-death-in-life-solomon-greenberg-pyszczynski-review
Excellent review of Solomon, Greenberg, and Psyzczynski's seminal work about terror management theory.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.595990/full
Great article about how many individuals used creative expression to alleviate their distress during the Covid-19 pandemic.

https://www.un.org/africarenewal/web-features/i-was-tested-limit-%E2%80%94-rwanda-genocide-survivor
The harrowing story of a Rwanda genocide survivor.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498956/
The original researchers of terror management theory apply their understanding of it to the Covid-19 pandemic.

https://mymodernmet.com/what-are-the-lascaux-cave-paintings/
Take a look at these beautiful cave paintings--that's how you live forever, people! Do something amazing.

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To kick off a new year, April looks at the impact that the emotion of gratitude can have on our mental, emotional, and even physical health. The message here is--the better you feel about yourself and the world around you, the better your cognitive processes will be.

Episode 33 Show Notes

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's article on gratitude is, um, kinda deep and intense (and hard to read), but then, it IS the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, so...
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gratitude/

What gratitude is, and some ways to show it:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-wise-brain/202102/how-show-gratitude

LinkedIn article about gratitude in the workplace:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/power-thank-you-how-engage-your-company-gratitude-/

Glenn Fox on gratitude:
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/what_can_the_brain_reveal_about_gratitude

A.J. Jacob's wonderful gratitude journey:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brainstorm/201811/adventures-in-gratitude

I reference Kendra Cherry a lot, because her articles are always spot on:
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-gratitude-5206817#History%20of%20Gratitude

Robert Emmons discusses gratitude:
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/topic/gratitude/definition

Interesting article about how gratitude evolved:
https://grateful.org/resource/the-evolution-of-gratitude/

How practicing gratitude affects the brain:
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_gratitude_changes_you_and_your_brain

Another great article about neuroscience and gratitude:
https://positivepsychology.com/neuroscience-of-gratitude/

This article focuses on the importance of gratitude in our lives:
https://positivepsychology.com/gratitude-appreciation/#:~:text=Many%20of%20us%20express%20gratitude%20by,emotion%20that%20serves%20a%20biological%20purpose.&text=Many%20of%20us%20express,serves%20a%20biological%20purpose.&text=us%20express%20gratitude%20by,emotion%20that%20serves%20a

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In this episode, April admits that she doesn't always calmly and rationally think things through; but hey, neither do you. Why? Heuristics, that's why. She discusses these handy, if sometimes problematic, mental shortcuts that help get us through the day without our brains literally exploding. And by literally, I mean figuratively; but literally sounds better, plus it makes a great mental image--KABOOM!!!

Episode 32 Show Notes:

I've recommended Daniel Kahneman's book before, and I'll probably do it again:
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/11468377-thinking-fast-and-slow

Interesting article about the history and origins of heuristics: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-heuristic-2795235

A basic discussion of heuristics:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/heuristics

Dr. Weinberger's blog explaining our unconscious mind: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-unconscious/202001/how-the-unconscious-works

An easy to read but fairly comprehensive article discussing many aspects of heuristics, including the different types of heuristics and when our brain is likely to use them: https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-a-heuristic.html

You're probably aware that some of these jobs are dangerous, but others may surprise you with their position on this list: https://www.ishn.com/articles/112748-top-25-most-dangerous-jobs-in-the-united-states

The Decision Lab's article goes into some detail about how our brains use heuristics:
https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/society/tdl-perspectives-what-are-heuristics

Over-reliance on heuristics can lead to stereotyping in the workplace: https://www.engagetu.com/2020/01/28/heuristics-and-workplace-bias/

Kendra Cherry's excellent article about decision making: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-affect-heuristic-2795028#:~:text=The%20affect%20heuristic%20is%20a%20type%20of%20mental,role%20in%20the%20choices%20and%20decisions%20you%20make

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In this episode, April realizes that the difference between science and pseudoscience isn't a distinct line, it's more of a continuum. Nevertheless, science remains scientific, while pseudoscience is, well, not so much.

Episode 31 Show Notes:

Here's the Science Council's definition of science:
https://sciencecouncil.org/about-science/our-definition-of-science/

Great discussion of the topic by Lillienfeld, Lynn, and Amaratti:
https://scottlilienfeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/lilienfeld2015-5.pdf

An extensive discussion of the differences from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/

Mario Bunge's article on "cognitive fields:"
https://cursosist2010.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/bungepseureduc.pdf

Great article from the Boston Review about Karl Popper and the pros and cons of falsification:
https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/michael-d-gordin-fate-falsification/

Newsweek article about "Behind the Curve:"
https://www.newsweek.com/behind-curve-netflix-ending-light-experiment-mark-sargent-documentary-movie-1343362

Good article that explains "bad" science:
https://www.digitaljournal.com/tech-science/why-some-science-is-actually-bad-science/article/455538

ThoughtCo's article about "hard" and "soft" science:
https://www.thoughtco.com/hard-vs-soft-science-3975989

Well, yeah, bad and fraudulent science is a problem:
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/aug/09/scientific-misconduct-retraction-watch

Fun and interesting (but ultimately serious) webpage with lots of great information about pseudoscience by Dr. Rory Koker:
https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm

Emily Willingham's Forbes artlcle about commercial pseudoscientific claims:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2012/11/08/10-questions-to-distinguish-real-from-fake-science/?sh=156ddfb6146c

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In this short episode,  April discusses how grief affects our brains--hers in particular, because she just lost one of her best friends and it hurts. So this might be more for her than for you, but you should listen anyway.

The good news is that she'll be ok. Eventually...

Episode 30 Show Notes

Great article from the Today Show website about how our mind deals with death:
https://www.today.com/health/mind-body/grief-changes-brain-rcna13613

Two excellent NPR articles that reference works and interviews with grief specialist Mary Frances O'Connor:
https://www.npr.org/2021/11/04/1052498852/what-happens-in-the-brain-when-we-grieve

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/12/20/1056741090/grief-loss-holiday-brain-healing

Dr Lisa Shulman discusses brain neuroplasticity and dealing with loss:
https://www.americanbrainfoundation.org/how-tragedy-affects-the-brain/#:~:text=Grief%20and%20loss%20affect%20the%20brain%20and%20body,lead%20to%20cognitive%20effects%2C%20such%20as%20brain%20fog

Psych Central article about how grief affects your physical and mental health:
https://psychcentral.com/lib/your-health-and-grief

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In this episode, April talks to Dr. Eunette Gentry about the public's lack of trust in the press and why we should have more faith in journalists and reporters. It's about codes of ethics, people!

Episode 29 Show Notes
This Gallup poll shows the low percentage of trust that the public has in the media: https://news.gallup.com/poll/394817/media-confidence-ratings-record-lows.aspx
Here's the article about the press as the "Fourth Estate:" https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-fourth-estate-3368058
Marianne Jennings' great article on journalistic ethics: https://imprimis.hillsdale.edu/the-evolutionand-devolutionof-journalistic-ethics/
The First Amendment Encyclopedia's article on "yellow journalism:" https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1253/yellow-journalism
Aiden White's article on the origins of ethical journalism: https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/journalism-ethics
This fascinating webpage is the Public Affairs page of the US Diplomatic Mission to Germany, and goes into the history of media ethics in the US: https://usa.usembassy.de/media-ethics.htm#:~:text=%E2%80%A2%20Yahoo%20-%20Media%20Ethics%20and%20Accountability%20The,accelerating%20the%20U.S.%20exit%20from%20an%20unpopular%20war
The Associated Press Managing Editors Code of Ethics: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/journalism/j6075/edit/ethiccodes/APME.html#:~:text=Associated%20Press%20Managing%20Editors%20CODE%20OF%20ETHICS%20This,or%20who%20influence%2C%20news%20coverage%20and%20editorial%20policy.
The Society of Professional Journalist's Code of Ethics: https://www.spj.org/pdf/spj-code-of-ethics.pdf
Ethics codes from many journalistic sources can be found here: https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rcollins/431ethics/codes.htm#:~:text=Professional%20Codes%20of%20Ethics%20American%20Society%20of%20Newspaper,and%20renamed%20%22Statement%20of%20Principles%22%20in%201975.%20PREAMBLE.
The Philippe Perebinossoff Ethics Rubric: 

EVALUATE --The ethical situation needs to be examined in a number of different ways, not just from a single perspective. 

TRUTH --Make sure you have a clear definition of the facts as well as a definition that can be agreed upon by others. 

HARM--Consider what harm is likely to ensue from a given action. Real-world situations are involved, and media rumors can ruin lives. 

INVESTIGATION--Investigation involves going beyond a cursory review, and digging deep to gather the necessary information.

CODE OF ETHICS--Codes provide valuable guidelines that can facilitate ethical decision making. 

SITUATIONAL ETHICS--Approach issues on a case-by-case basis that allows you to adjust ethical beliefs t

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In this episode, April explains linguistic ambiguity, equivocation, and the equivocation fallacy. She also tells some really bad jokes.

Episode 28 Show Notes:

Moore, Brooke and Parker, Richard. Critical Thinking. McGraw Hill. 2017.
This is current textbook I use to teach my Critical Reasoning class. Much of what I say here about the types of linguistic ambiguity is taken from this excellent text.

ThoughtCo is a reference site that focuses on educational content. Their articles are written by highly qualified educators and experienced instructors.
https://www.thoughtco.com/polysemy-words-and-meanings-1691642

How many words are there in the English language? This article will tell you:
https://englishlive.ef.com/blog/language-lab/many-words-english-language/

This WhatIs.com article discusses how linguistic ambiguity makes it difficult for artificial intelligence (and of course people) to decode language:
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/linguistic-ambiguity#:~:text=Linguistic%20ambiguity%20is%20a%20quality%20of%20language%20that,program%20to%20reliably%20decode%20without%20some%20additional%20information

Here's a good discussion of the expectancy violation and humor:
https://thecriticalcomic.com/incongruity-theory/#:~:text=Expectancy%20Violations%20Aristotle%20also%20thought%20humor%20occurred%20with,disappointed%20expectation%20makes%20us%20laugh.%E2%80%9D%20%28ch.%2063%3B%20Morreal%29

Was that really the world's funniest joke? According to this guy, it is:
https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2014/03/07/287250640/what-is-the-funniest-joke-in-the-world

Dr. Itamar Schatz gives a detailed description of equivocation with excellent examples. You should definitely read this:
https://effectiviology.com/equivocation/

Another good explanation  of the equivocation falllacy:
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/equivocation-fallacy-examples.html

What speech is considered "unprotected?" Here you go:
https://legalknowledgebase.com/what-speech-is-illegal-in-the-us

No, of COURSE we don't "torture." Except we do (or did, anyway):
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9956644

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In this episode, April discusses the concept of intellectual humility, which is something that people could use more of (and by "people," she means herself).

Episode 27 Show Notes (so many really good sources!!!):
Here's Ed Kang's article from the website YouEQ: https://www.you-eq.com/news-events/emotional-intelligence-skills-intellectual-humility#:~:text=According%20to%20Pepperdine%20University%2C%20there%20are%20four%20dimensions,intellect%204%20Willingness%20to%20revise%20one%E2%80%99s%20own%20viewpoint

Another good article from the John Templeton Foundation website (there's also a great YouTube video there called "The Joy of Being Wrong"): https://www.templeton.org/discoveries/intellectual-humility

Brian Resnick's Vox article, from which I gleaned a LOT of information:
https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/1/4/17989224/intellectual-humility-explained-psychology-replication

This is a great, in-depth discussion of intellectual humility by Shane Snow: https://www.shanesnow.com/articles/intellectual-humility#intellectual-humility-intro

While this author and I are on different sides of some important issues, she speaks a lot of truth, and I have great respect for her:
https://aleteia.org/2017/08/05/even-if-we-disagree-i-respect-you/

Kate Horowitz on the connection between overconfidence and lack of intellectual growth: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/76773/overconfidence-can-stunt-your-intellectual-growth-study-says#:~:text=Being%20overconfident%20is%20a%20barrier%20to%20intellectual%20growth%2C,they%20do%20and%20what%20they%20do%20not%20know.%22

How acknowledging our intellectual limitations leads to knowledge:
https://www.konsyse.com/articles/what-is-intellectual-humility-why-is-it-important/

Gregg Enriquez's discussion of ego: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-knowledge/202105/what-is-the-ego

Elizabeth Svoboda on why changing our minds is so difficult: https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/why_is_it_so_hard_to_change_peoples_minds

Matthew Buckley discusses ways to talk to people with whom you disagree: https://www.psychreg.org/respect-other-peoples-opinion/