Real flesh, real grace, real motion. Irenaeus crowns his four‑book refutation by showing Christ’s genuine body and blood turning our mortal frame toward immortality; Augustine stares at the vanishing “now” and begs God to unveil the riddle of time; young Aquinas lets Tommy and Calvin hash out how grace bends the will without breaking freedom (Ephesians 1:7; Psalm 39:5; 2 Corinthians 12:9).

Readings: Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book 5, Chapters 2 – 3

Augustine, The Confessions, Book 11, Chapter 22

Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Part 1, Question 105, Article 4

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