This legal document from the High Court of Australia outlines the case of NZYQ v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs, heard in November 2023. The core issue was whether sections 189(1) and 196(1) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth), which authorize immigration detention, are constitutionally valid when applied to someone with no real prospect of removal from Australia in the foreseeable future. The court reviewed the precedent set in Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) and determined that while the construction of the Act in that case remained valid, the constitutional holding allowing for indefinite detention needed to be reopened and overruled based on the principles established in Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1992), known as the Lim principle. The court concluded that the detention was unlawful and ordered the plaintiff's immediate release because there was no legitimate non-punitive purpose achievable by continued detention

This High Court of Australia judgment addresses whether a second application for a protection visa was valid after the Minister for Immigration substituted a previous refusal with a visitor visa. The court examined the meaning of "refused" in the context of s 48A of the Migration Act and the effect of the Minister's substitution power under s 417. The central legal question was whether the Minister's act of providing a more favorable visa effectively nullified the initial refusal for the purposes of the statutory bar on subsequent protection visa applications. Ultimately, the court found that the initial refusal remained a historical fact, and the substitution did not set aside the Tribunal's affirmation of that refusal, thus the second application was invalid. The appeal was therefore dismissed.