Host Eli Mercer explores how Ferdinand Braun, Julius Lilienfeld, Oskar Heil, and Ralph Bray nearly invented the transistor decades before Bell Labs' 1947 breakthrough. From Braun's 1874 crystal discovery to Bray's 1943 observation of minority-carrier injection, these forgotten pioneers had the right physics but lacked materials, funding, or timing to complete the invention that would define our digital age.

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