EMTpro Podcast

Trauma Death Triad


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In this episode, Steve, Dan, and Holly are back in the studio as Holly leads the team through an in-depth discussion on the trauma death triad (diamond). They discuss each component – hypothermia, acidosis, coagulation – and that tricky final component that plays a role in all three, calcium. Holly provides a scientific breakdown of each component, and then the team discusses the practical implications of each component in the “real-life” management of a trauma patient in the field.  Holly also touches on some longer-term implications of trauma management for those providers who end up on scene with a patient for longer than they bargained for or who provide an interfacility transfer for a patient a few days after their initial incident.

This episode provides helpful insight for all providers in both the initial and ongoing assessments of any patient who has experienced a massive trauma, and what we can do in the field to mitigate mortality and positively impact their overall outcomes.

References

  1. Aynalem, M., Shiferaw, E., Gelaw, Y., & Enawgaw, B. (2021). Coagulopathy and its associated factors among patients with a bleeding diathesis at the University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Thrombosis journal19(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-021-00287-6
  2. Chanthima, Phuriphong MD*; Yuwapattanawong, Kornkamon MD*; Thamjamrassri, Thanyalak MD*; Nathwani, Rajen MBBS†; Stansbury, Lynn G. MD*,†; Vavilala, Monica S. MD*,†; Arbabi, Saman MD*,‡; Hess, John R. MD, MPH, FACP, FAAAS*,§. Association Between Ionized Calcium Concentrations During Hemostatic Transfusion and Calcium Treatment With Mortality in Major Trauma. Anesthesia & Analgesia 132(6):p 1684-1691, June 2021. | DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005431
  3. Dupuy, C., Martinez, T., Duranteau, O., Gauss, T., Kapandji, N., Pasqueron, J., … & TraumaBase Group®. (2025). Comparison of the lethal triad and the lethal diamond in severe trauma patients: a multicenter cohort. World Journal of Emergency Surgery20(1), 2.
  4. Fort, A. C., & Dudaryk, R. (2021). Evolving science of trauma-induced coagulopathy. International Anesthesiology Clinics.59(2), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0000000000000318
  5. Mills, J. D. (2024). Trauma Diamond of Death: Adding Calcium to the Lethal Triad. Journal of Emergency Nursing50(3), 330-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2023.12.011
  6. Latif, R.K., Clifford, S.P., Baker, J.A. et al. Traumatic hemorrhage and chain of survival. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 31, 25 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-023-01088-8
  7. Savioli, G., Ceresa, I. F., Caneva, L., Gerosa, S., & Ricevuti, G. (2021). Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: Overview of an Emerging Medical Problem from Pathophysiology to Outcomes. Medicines8(4), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines8040016
  8. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. (n.d.). Trauma facts. https://www.aast.org/resources/trauma-facts
  9.  

    See Holly’s slides below!

    Trauma Death Triad_PDF

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