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Tropical cyclones are powerful weather systems that develop over warm tropical and subtropical oceans. They are associated with extremely low air pressure, meaning that air at the Earth’s surface is rising rather than sinking. As air rises, pressure at the surface decreases, which helps draw in surrounding air and fuels storm development. Tropical cyclones are sometimes referred to as tropical storms, hurricanes, or typhoons depending on where they form, but they are all the same type of atmospheric phenomenon.

Tropical cyclones gain their energy from warm ocean water, which provides heat and moisture. As the storm strengthens, surface winds begin to rotate around the centre in a continuous circular pattern known as closed circulation. The direction of this rotation depends on the hemisphere: storms rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect, which is caused by the Earth’s rotation.

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