Examines the remarkable adaptability of tropical and temperate penguin species that inhabit warm coastal environments rather than icy Antarctic regions. It describes how species such as the Magellanic, African, and Humboldt penguins have evolved specialized traits to survive in hotter climates, including panting, shaded burrows, and efficient thermoregulation through sparse feathering and exposed skin. Despite living near deserts and equatorial zones, these penguins depend heavily on cold, upwelling ocean currents that supply abundant fish and krill. The text also explains why penguins never colonized North America, attributing it to unsuitable nesting conditions, stronger land predators, and extensive human disruption along coastlines. The discussion concludes with an emphasis on the growing conservation threats these species face—from oil spills and overfishing to the warming of ocean currents—which increasingly endanger their survival.
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