In this episode of OSCE Talk, Matthew and Peter break down Type 1 diabetes — a lifelong autoimmune condition in which the body destroys its own insulin-producing beta cells.

We explore its pathophysiology, how to recognise the early clinical signs, and the essential diagnostic criteria you need to know for exams and real-world practice. The discussion covers day-to-day management, insulin therapy, the role of technology such as continuous glucose monitors, and the short- and long-term complications clinicians must watch for.

A structured approach to patient interaction ties the theory together, helping you feel confident taking a Type 1 diabetes history in your OSCEs.

• Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong autoimmune condition leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

• Insulin is vital for glucose uptake — without it, hyperglycaemia develops.

• Classic symptoms follow the four T’s: thirsty, toilet, thin, tired.

• Viral infections and genetics are common triggers.

• Patients are at increased risk of infections.

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a medical emergency — recognise it early.

• Blood sugar monitoring and insulin adjustment are essential to safe management.

• CGM devices and technology improve long-term outcomes.

• Complications divide into microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular disease.

• Autoimmune conditions often cluster — family history matters.

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