The Norwegian psychologist Frode Stenseng has presented a dualistic  model of escapism in relation to different types of activity  engagements. He discusses the paradox that the flow state (Csikszentmihalyi) resembles psychological states obtainable through actions such as drug abuse, sexual masochism, and suicide ideation (Baumeister).  Accordingly, he deduces that the state of escape can have both positive  and negative meanings and outcomes. Stenseng argues that there exist  two forms of escapism with different affective outcomes dependent on the  motivational focus that lies behind the immersion in the activity.  Escapism in the form of self-suppression stems from motives to run away  from unpleasant thoughts, self-perceptions, and emotions, whereas  self-expansion stems from motives to gain positive experiences through  the activity and to discover new aspects of self. Stenseng has developed  the "escape scale" to measure self-suppression and self-expansion in  people's favorite activities, such as sports, arts, and gaming.  Empirical investigations of the model have shown that:[25]