In Spanish, we don’t use only one verb for the weather. We choose different verbs depending on the type of expression:

HACER → for general conditions like heat, cold, sun, or wind.

? Examples: Hace calor (It’s hot), Hace frío (It’s cold), Hace sol (It’s sunny), Hace viento (It’s windy).

⚠️ Be careful: we don’t say hay sol to describe the weather — the correct form is hace sol.

ESTAR → for describing the weather that can change easily, like the sky.

? Examples: Está nublado (It’s cloudy), Está despejado (It’s clear), Hoy está soleado (Today it’s sunny).

SER → for describing the usual climate of a place.

? Example: Madrid es una ciudad soleada (Madrid is a sunny city — here we’re talking about the general climate).

HABER → for elements that exist in the atmosphere.

? Examples: Hay nubes (There are clouds), Hay tormenta (There is a storm), Hay niebla (There is fog).

⚠️ But hay calor is not correct — we say hace calor.