In 1965, the United States appeared to be "in it to win it." The trouble was, nobody knew what a winning outcome would look like. The government of South Vietnam was hopelessly corrupt and made up of landlords that simply stepped into the exploitative French system that came before them. Capturing territory meant nothing, because the enemy fled and then returned as soon as American troops went somewhere else to search for them. The civilian government in Washington handcuffed decisive measures like invading North Vietnam for fear of a wider conflict with China and the Soviet Union. What remained: to kill as many of the enemy as possible, wherever they could be found, and keep killing until they gave up.