We explore Armenia’s colossal Vizhapakar dragonstones—basalt megaliths dating to the Chalcolithic around 4200–4000 BCE. Shaped as fish and cowhide figures, these markers sit at springs and irrigation corridors, revealing a sophisticated, region‑wide ritual system that tied water management to monumental labor. Through new dating and spatial analysis, we see how these 4,000+ year‑old stones encode social organization, sacred geography, and a worldview where water, ritual, and survival were deeply entwined—and why later cultures, from Urartians to Christians, kept revering them.

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