The document provides an extensive overview of the historical discovery, technological development, and diverse applications of copper and silver in ancient civilizations. It details how copper was the first widely used metal, with early adoption in Mesopotamia and China, while silver was discovered slightly later in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), often as a byproduct of lead mining. The source meticulously examines ancient metallurgical advancements, including the evolution of copper smelting from simple pit furnaces to advanced shaft furnaces and the invention of cupellation for separating silver from lead. Furthermore, it explores the societal impacts of these metals, discussing their use as weapons, ornaments, and currency, highlighting the distinct metal cultures of regions like China (emphasizing ritual vessels) and the Indus Valley Civilization (featuring a high degree of urban bronze culture).