In recent PING episodes, APNIC Chief Scientist Geoff Huston has asserted that Internet routing has shifted away from traditional IP packet forwarding. Instead, it is increasingly driven by processes that map names to addresses. It’s no longer just about your IP address or the specific endpoint you think you’re connecting to, it’s about your location and which intermediary services can most effectively handle your request.

How does this actually work in practice? What processes determine where your request is served from, and who makes those decisions? In the latest episode of PING, we explore this topic.

Of course, IP-level routing hasn’t disappeared. For optimizing content delivery using a ‘closest’ node model, anycast remains a critical technique, using BGP to direct traffic to the nearest available server, and it is widely deployed at scale. However, this approach is increasingly supplemented by name-based mechanisms, particularly those driven by DNS, to more precisely determine where requests should be directed.

The way endpoints are identified in an Internet protocol exchange is changing, and this shift has broader implications for the nature of the network. As a result, we are seeing some trends emerge:

Control over routing decisions for application content has shifted away from ISPs operating at the BGP layer and towards higher-level logistics functions in the stack. These decisions are now typically made by service providers offering optimized content delivery as a managed service.

Provision of this optimization is typically carried out through DNS-based mechanisms. As a result, organizations often delegate their DNS to the same content delivery provider, allowing it to control request routing. This gives the intermediary significant influence over how and where traffic for a domain is directed.

Together, these trends are likely to reinforce the growth of ‘walled garden’ vertical markets. Application-specific delivery methods are increasingly positioned as competitive advantages over generic services (such as standard video streaming), meaning that both application choice and DNS-based steering can guide users into more closed, vertically integrated environments.