A concise tour of Wilhelm Röntgen’s 1895 discovery of X‑rays, the physics of high-energy photons, and how these invisible rays became one of medicine’s most powerful tools. We cover how X-ray imaging works—from shadowy radiographs to CT and real-time fluoroscopy—why contrast depends on atomic number, and other key applications in industry and science. We also discuss the ionizing hazards, safety measures, and the balancing act between enormous benefits and biological risk. A curious note on the faint blue glow some researchers reported seeing in dark-adapted eyes, now linked to Cherenkov radiation.

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