This paper explores the evolution of the human brain, focusing on the genetic and functional changes that distinguish it from other species. It traces the nervous system's development from primitive organisms through chordates and mammals, highlighting key evolutionary innovations like the neural tube and neocortex. The discussion then narrows to primate and human-specific neurobiology, examining quantitative differences in neuron numbers and morphological complexity that contribute to enhanced cognition. Finally, the source details cutting-edge methods—such as brain organoids and comparative omics—that are providing mechanistic insights into these evolutionary changes and paving the way for future discoveries in the field.

References:

• Lancaster M A. Unraveling mechanisms of human brain evolution[J]. Cell, 2024, 187(21): 5838-5857.